Only Hope comparison Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Only Hope comparison - Essay Example On the other hand, Condon authored a book describing his findings from an extensive study that sought to describe how the youth of the Inuit people of the Holman island of Canada Arctic coped with the rigorous changes of adolescence amidst many social, economic, and demographic transformations. Both of these books offer an anthropological description of the Inuit youth and Chinese singletons. This paper will offer a comparison of the research questions addressed, methodologies, roles of the research , the content described in the two books and the conclusions drawn. Fong’s as highlighted in the book ‘only hope’ research question centered on determining what type of attributes were exhibited by singletons. The research was probed by the fact that parents of singletons bestowed a lot of hope in these children. Moreover, the possibility that the parents accorded these children all their attention and offered them multiple material things would have had the potential of spoiling such children. On the other hand, Condon realized that the adolescence stage presented rigorous psychological, emotional, hormonal, and physical changes that define the transition from childhood to adulthood (Fong, 2006). This prompted him to analyze how the adolescents of the Inuit youth in the Holman Island in the Canadian Arctic region coped with the social, economic, and demographic factors. He reasoned that understanding how all these changes shaped the maturation process of the adolescents could offer an advanced understanding of functioning processes of humans. Fong carried a study in the Dalian region, a coastal city that was undergoing transformation from an industrial center to service-oriented town. For 27 months, in the years 1997-2002, Fong worked closely with different schools, students, and parents. Her survey was extensive and included 2273 students in different ranks of schools. She had the privilege of visiting about 107 homes in the region (Fong, 2006) . She identified 31 families as her sample after having an extensive interaction through tutorial classes offered within the home setting. The role of her research was to determine whether the one child policy had any impact on the children born. On the other hand, Condon carried out two extensive field studies of the Inuit youth on the Holman Island. Although his first study sought to address a different objective, it offered an introductory understanding of the community (Condon, 1988). He compiled his findings after seven years of an interactive field study. The role of his research was to analyze how the youth coped with the numerous changes that defined their lives. Condon selected sub-section of the Holman Island as his sample population. Fong’s research revealed that singletons faced a surging pressure to become exemplary children as her findings highlight. The different chapters in her book reveal that parents expected singletons to demonstrate a higher sense of focus in school compared to children who had siblings. This translated into different forms of pressure exerted on the children by the parents so that they would meet the defined expectations (Fong, 2006). It becomes evident from the findings described that parents had viewed singletons in terms of the future. The research

Social Stigmas and Gender Roles Essay Example for Free

Social Stigmas and Gender Roles Essay Social stigmas accompany every one of life’s categories – especially male and female. Gender-based stereotypes – existent since the beginning of time – help in both the advancement and hindrance of the sexes and of society. Gender roles helped create society. They generated a world in which the man went out into the world in order to work and provide monetarily for his family while the woman stayed in the home, working hardly to accomplish the couple’s domestic responsibilities and to raise the couple’s children. This traditional notion of the roles of genders enabled families to function in history; however, in the modern-day era, this notion only thwarts progress. As women travel out into the work place, they are not treated as the equals of men. The societal perception of the weak, lesser woman still remains, preventing women to become truly equal. On the contrary, gender stereotypes also inhibit the growth of men, causing them to feel compelled to follow the traditional definition of masculinity. Gender should be seen as fluid (with personality characteristics and preferred hobbies that can be demonstrated and admired by both sexes), rather than as a rigid set of characteristics needed to be met. Societal expectations of gender differences should not be forced upon people. Gender roles played a big role in the formation of history. In prehistoric times, women gathered food near their home while their male counterparts hunted for game. While searching for food, the women took responsibility over the children and the cleaning of the house. These roles followed men and women into modern times. The man – venturing out into the world – was always considered to be stronger and worldlier, while the woman was considered to be innocent and naive. During the nineteenth century, women were denied the right to vote because it was seen as something that would tarnish their innocence and disrupt the so-called Cult of Domesticity. Women were also denied the right to vote because it was assumed that they would vote for the same candidates as did their husbands and brothers, thus essentially doubling the vote of the male population (Cayton). Roles that once were beneficial to culture – as during the prehistoric times when necessary labor could be unquestioningly divided between the sexes – now hinder from expansion the very society they created. The same gender ideations that existed in the times of the prehistoric human still determine a lot of today’s social and cultural characteristics. These roles and preconceptions are dramatically outdated and obsolete. In a world where a woman can be the breadwinner of her family, she should not be looked down upon simply because her cells code for XY chromosome sex characteristics. Vice versa, men should not be expected to be perpetually tough and strong. Men who do not fit the mold are immediately ostracized and ousted from society, mocked for their â€Å"feminine† traits. However, personality characteristics should not be assigned to different genders. The association of certain inherent qualities with one gender over the other causes a schism in humankind, separating people into two groups of male and female. The mere grouping of people based on common characteristics leads to the assumption that all people in the category must abide by the decided upon characteristics, or said person will be seen as an anomaly and ousted. The necessity to conform places an undue pressure upon the citizens of the world. This stress manifests itself in a myriad of different (sometimes harmful) ways: a person may become depressed or even suicidal. Many people, in response to intense societal pressure break laws and attack others (such as when people rape or murder others, based on their gender or sexual preferences). Societal perceptions of man and woman should be eradicated; they are much too outdated, specific and assuming for a self-proclaimed â€Å"progressive† society. Although it is clear that current gender roles are extremely outdated and inapplicable, many people still enforce them. Why does this coercion to conform occur? People from all walks of life buy into the theory that men should do certain tasks and women should do others. Why does a world so partisan about most issues suddenly join together in a crusade to maintain the tradition of the separation of genders? Many people enforce gender roles simply because they are accustomed to such notions. People generally fear the idea of change rather than the aspect that should be changed. Meaning, people fear more the act of change rather than the results of change. The masses usually do not like learning how to accept the new. Fear also fosters intolerance, which then leads to the alienation of the people who have the undesirable trait or traits. Some religions also heavily discourage the expression of traits that deviate from the social normal. Not only are expectations of each gender detrimental to society in an economic sense (as women are often not treated equals in the work force and thus not offered the same occupational and pay opportunities), but they also greatly harm society’s social integrity. Women are often victimized for their gender, through crimes as heinous as rape and murder. These cr imes are most often committed because women are seen as weak and sinful creatures, according to old notions. In the Bible is the story of Adam and Eve – the first humans ever to grace the Earth. One day in the Garden of Eden – the cradle of civilization – Eve was seduced by a snake to eat the red apple, the very fruit she was instructed by God to avoid. Eve then coerced Adam to eat the apple as well, and both were punished by God’s wrath accordingly. Whether the Bible tells the truth is up for debate; however, the influence of this book is irrefutable. Religions all over the world follow the word of Genesis as if it were law, reaffirming the belief that women are lesser, irresponsible beings due to the supposed actions of Eve (The Bible). Due to the belief that women are sinful creatures, an excuse – a duty – arises for the mistreatment of women. Men, usually those who have a mental illness, rape and otherwise attack women because they see something inherently wrong with all women, and see it as their duty to correct it. Society pressures men to be macho, thus giving them the twisted idea that they need to victimize women to be so. America’s notion of manhood is â€Å"pitiful,† convincing men that they must be violent and oppressive to be considered men (Theroux). Many women fall victim to female genital mutilation (otherwise known as FGM). Many governments of the world turn a blind eye to this awful human rights violation. One hundred to one hundred and forty girls worldwide are victims of female genital mutilation (WHO). Female genital mutilation occurs usually because women are not respected in society. According to traditional values, males are stronger and more powerful than are females. This notion contributes to why, in some cultures, the genital region of a female is sewn shut. This way the male has to forcible penetrate the female during sexual intercourse, asserting his dominance as a man. Yet in other cultures, the clitoris is removed from the female anatomy before she reaches puberty. This atrocity is committed because the people of these cultures want to preserve the innocence of women. Society expects women to be innocent, pleasant creatures, contributing to some extremes like female genital mutilation. In a gain for the equal rights movement, women can fight in the armed forces (in America, at least). However, this win did not solve all of the problems of women: although they can enlist in and fight for the armed services, they are most often not treated as legitimate soldiers. Not only to they not receive the respect they have earned, but they are also victimized by their fellow soldiers. In 2009, over 2,900 women in the armed forces reported being raped. Out of the 2,974 women who reported a rape or sexual assault, only 292 women even got their day in court, and even fewer got justice. In addition to these shocking statistics, it is estimated that another 80% of women in the military endure a sexual assault but are too scared to report it (Couric). In addition to the rampant nature of rape in the military, officers make it extremely hard for women to report the abuse. The attacker is usually a person of a higher rank so when a victim speaks out, she is disbelieved more than would be for a civilian. These rapes occur for the same reasons civilian rapes occur: men see themselves as of high statuses than those of women. That notion goes back to the prehistoric notions of man and women, and the presumed societal differences between men and women. Women are not taken seriously because of their gender, and thus men try to put them back where the men think they should be through rape and other suck attacks. Although most people see women as getting the short end of the stick as far as societal pressures are concerned, men lose some of their individualism through expectations enforced by society. Males are seen as inhuman, almost, expected to be emotionally stoic and stolid regardless of their situation. Men are traditionally deprived of the privilege of spending time with their children. They are forced out into the cutthroat world of business and finance, giving them little time to spend with their families and forcing them to become the macho, stoic men they are supposed to be. All men do not fit these characteristics; each person has their own personal characteristics that create their being. Personality characteristics should not be associated with a specific gender; the way a person acts is not determined by his or her sex. Men are pressured to be very macho, which leads to them attempting to overpower women and commit many different crimes against them. Also, men portrayed in advertisements are not the average man and the two specimens do not have the same characteristics (Ehrlich). The societal pressure to conform to a specific gender makes many people feel very isolated and alienated from their communities. Lesbians, gays, bisexuals, and transgendered people suffer a lot of backlash from society for expressing their true selves. Lesbians, gays, bisexuals and transgendered people (LGBT) discover – from early childhood – that the world is not sympathetic to their plight. LGBT teens are bullied, in schools all across the country and all across the world, to the point of suicide. Many feel forced to keep their sexual orientation a secret. Transgendered people especially are tormented for expressing their true character. A transgendered person is someone who feels that they were born in the wrong body; a male feels like a female and a female feels like a male. Recently, more and more studies have been discovered that say that gender is more fluid than it is rigid: for instance, a boy can still want to be a boy anatomically, but he may want to partake it traditionally more feminine activities (Gash). These people feel extremely alienated because of they believe gender is a personal decision. Some transgendered people can feel like a woman one day, and a man the next (Gash). LGBT people further show why society should not push its expectations upon its citizens. Because of the blind hate and fear society projects, LGBT people are ridiculed and tortured all over the world. This form of bullying is one of the most ruthless forms in existence. Researchers show that LGBT teenagers are at greater risks of suicide and depression than are any other category of people (Soulforce). This country was founded on the soul principle of freedom. If even one person doesn’t have the freedom to express him or herself, can the nation ever be truly free? The Constitution of the United States of America was founded to promote and ensure equality amongst its itizens and amongst the citizens of the world. The preamble states that there are certain inalienable rights that cannot be taken away from the people by their government: life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness. If the pursuit of happiness of some citizens is halted because of the pressures and preconceived notions about gender and sexuality, how can Americans claim to live up to the promises of the Constitution (Attendees of the Constitutional Convention). In the Gettysburg Address, late President Lincoln made a speech dedicating a cemetery to fallen soldiers. In the speech, the President referred to a government that was â€Å"of the people, by the people and for the people. † This quotation refers to the fact that the government of the United States of America was founded in order to help the people of the United States of America, and the people first (Lincoln). However, with a government that increases intolerance by throwing around old notions of what a man is and of what a woman is, how can the youth change the future? Gender roles – although previously useful – should not be implemented in today’s modern society, because they only lead to havoc and inequality.

Hydrolysis of Oxoanions :: essays research papers

Hydrolysis of Oxoanions Nonmetals in positive oxidation states do not exist in aqueous solution as cations but rather as hydroxides or oxides. These species often act as oxo acids which ionize to form oxoanions in solution. The general form of an oxoanion is MOxy-. Since these oxoanions are quite different in their properties, Z2/r ratios for nonmetal cations do not give accurate predictions of their chemical behavior. A different approach is needed to determine what these elements will do when they are dissolved in water. Oxo Anion Hydrolysis Like cations, oxoanions are hydrated in aqueous solution. In this case the electrostatic attraction is between the electron pairs on the oxoanion oxygen atoms and the partially positive hydrogen atoms of the water molecule. The hydration of oxoanions is an exothermic process. The hydration energy is dependent on the charge and size of the oxoanion. Hydration energies increase with increasing charge and decreasing anion size. As with cations, if the interaction between the anion and the hydrogen of the water is sufficiently strong, the hydrogen can be removed from the water generating a hydroxide ion resulting in a basic solution. MOxy- + H2O [MO(x-1)OH](y-1)- + OH- The equilibrium constant for this reaction is the base ionization constant, Kb. Base ionization constants are tabulated as pKbs. Successive ionizations are listed as pKb1, pKb2, etc. The larger the pKb value the lesser the degree of ionization and the weaker base the oxoanion is. When determining the acidities of metal cations, three variable are important -- charge, size and electronegativity of the cation. When determining the basicity of an oxo anion, the size of the nonmetal atom (or high oxidation state metal atom) is not relevant. This central metal atom is significantly smaller than the multiple oxygen atoms in the anion. Therefore, different central atoms bearing the same number of oxygens will be very close in size. Effect of Charge on Basicity Increasing charge on an anion increases its tendency to hydrolyze and form basic solutions. pKb Values For Some Oxoanions Anion pKb1 pKb2 pKb3 H3AsO4 10.5 6.8 1.5 H3PO4 11.88 6.8 2 H2SeO3 11.43 7.4 H4GeO4 5.41 1 The table above shows that the pKb values of an oxoanion decrease by 4-5 units for each additional negative charge on the anion. Thus, increasing the negative charge substantially increases the anion's basicity. Effect of Number of Oxygen Groups Since most nonmetals exhibit more than one oxidation state, they can form oxoanions that differ in the number of oxygens bonded to the metal.

Liberal Media Gone Too Far

Liberal Media Gone Too Far This article GOP Convention Exposes Bigotry and Hatred on Left, on investors. com posted on August 29, 2012, shows the ignorant statements of the media to stir the American people. Written by a Republican point of view, they are sick of all the media bashing they get from liberals. The Democrats use fear to get their fellow Democrats to follow them. There are more destructive ads on Facebook and news sites against Republicans than I have ever seen.The Democrats want everyone to focus on the negative ads and statements and scare people, so they won’t think about what bad shape this country is in today. The GOP wants us to know that they have the experience to run this country. The Democrats always pull the race and religious card whenever they don’t want the true facts to be known. The race card plays a significant role in the 2012 Democrat campaign. The race card was used excessively during the 2008 presidential election. Bill Clinton played t he race card in an attack on voter ID laws in his September 6th speech at the Democratic convention.He wants Democrats to believe the GOP doesn’t want any minorities, young, poor, and disable voters to vote. That couldn’t be farther from the truth. There have been so many democrats prosecuted over voters’ fraud from the 2011 elections, it just wasn’t believable. ACORN showed us all how easy it was to manipulate the system. Voters ID are important to maintain the integrity of our voter’s registration laws. When 74% of Americans favor having people an ID when they vote, including 65% of African Americans and 64% of Hispanics.Most voters believe showing ID, a necessity in our daily lives, is common sense. As long as the democrats continue to stir up racial fears and tensions, this problem of using the race card will continued. I hope the Americans people can see how reckless and irresponsible this practice is to our voter’s confidence in our el ection process. Mia Love was unfairly judged by the liberals in this article. For the liberals to label Mia Love as a â€Å"house nigger†, â€Å"dirty worthless whore† and an Aunt Tom, is very cruel and uneducated.She is a highly educated woman from Haitian immigrants, who is a Mormon running for Congress in Utah’s fourth district. If she wins, she would be the first black woman that Republicans have ever elected to Congress. Mia Love stands for physical discipline, limited government and personal responsibility. Liberals likes to bash the person and not the politics. Politicians use the religious card all the time. Liberals judge people by their appearance and what their background is, they will make an ugly comment about it instead of sticking with the issues.Mitt Romney believes in Mormonism and the liberals think he shouldn’t be running for president. Chris Matthews called Mormons â€Å"cultist†, and New York Times columnist Charles Blow tweete d that Mitt Romney should â€Å"stick that in our magic underwear† a remark referring to a Mormon religious practice. Again why don’t liberals worry about the issues instead of someone’s background? In the early 1960s, people thought that John F. Kennedy shouldn’t be running for president because he was a catholic and it turned out that he was elected president of the United States of America.Your faith is important no matter what party the candidate is with; his or her faith is a personal choice. This article opened by eyes to the importance of doing my own research on the candidates and issues instead of believing everything that I read. I believe that liberals think that all republicans are white men in the corporate world. That is a stereotypical view point of a liberal. People need to stop focusing on badmouthing each other and start thinking what it is going to take to make this country a stronger and safer country.

Chapter 4 : Account Titles and Preparation of Financial Statements

Chapter 4 : Account Titles and Preparation of Financial Statements| Article 14 : The balance sheet items shallbe categorized as follows: 1. Assets. (1) Current assets. (2) Funds and long-term investments. (3) Property, plant and equipment. (4) Depletable assets. (5) Intangible assets. (6) Other assets. 2.Liabilities. Article 15 : Current assets mean unrestricted cash and cash equivalent, short-term investments, and other assets that are convertible to cash or expended within one year. Categorization and evaluation of current asset titles along with required explanatory notes are as follows: 1.Cash and Cash equivalent: cash on hand, deposits with banks, cash for revolving use, petty cash, and short-term and highly liquid investment that can be converted into a fixed amount of cash with interest fluctuation having small impact thereon, excluding those already set aside for use or restricted by law or contract; the account nature and required notes are as follows: (1) Non-demand-deposit s with maturity over a year shall be specified. 2) Time deposits (including negotiable certificates of deposit) shall be reclassified as other assets if provided as lien for a long-term liability or as other current liabilities if provided as lien for a current liability, and shall be specified in the notes for the fact of collateralization.Refundable deposit shallbe classified as a current or other asset by the long- or short-term nature, and shall be specified in the notes. (3) Compensating balances shall be classified as current assets if arising from short-term loans, or reclassified as other assets or long-term investments if arising from long-term liabilities. 2.Short-term investment: defined as investment that is short-term; the nature of titles and evaluation thereof and the required explanatory notes are as follows: (1) Financial asset with change in fair value being recorded as gains or losses and financial asset available for sale shall be valued using the fair value on t he balance sheet date; the fair value of listed or OTC stock and depository receipts indicate the closing price on the balance sheet date. 2) Financial assets which need to be sold within a short period of time, thus changing in fair value and incurring a gain or loss, must be reflected in the financial assets records or when determining how to measure the gains or losses, you decided on using fair value to reflect these changes in fair value, these figures must also be reflected in your financial asset records. 3) Financial asset available for sale shall mean the non-derivative financial assets other than the financial assets with change in fair value being recorded into gains or losses, which financial assets are to be held until the date of expiry. 4) Short-term investments provided as a lien, collateral or refundable deposit shall be recorded as a short-term investment if the liability for such an investment is provided as a guarantee; if a short-term investment is provided as a guarantee for a long-term liability, such investments shallbe recorded as long-term investments. Facts regarding the guaranteeshall be specified in either case. 3.Hedging financial assets: defined as the financial assets set up in hedging accounting, which are used as effective hedging tools, shall be measured by fair value and divided into current and non-current according to the liquidity of the items to be hedged; non-current hedging financial liabilities shall be recorded as hedging financial liabilities under other assets. 4. Notes Receivable: defined as various notes which are collected by the business entity.The accounting nature, valuation and required notes are as follows: (1) Shall be valued at the present value, or may be valued at the face value if maturing within one year. (2) Notes receivable that were discounted or transferred to others shall be deducted and specified. (3) Notes receivable arising from operations shall be presented separately from those not arising f rom operations. 4) Large-sum notes receivable from related persons shall be presented individually. (5) Notes receivable that are provided as collateral shall be specified in the notes. (6) Notes receivable determined to be uncollectible shall be written off. (7) Notes receivable shall be valued at closing for the uncollectible amount, and any allowance for the uncollectible amount shall be properly provided and presented as the contra account of the notes receivable. 5.Accounts Receivable: defined as the claim of the business entity arising from selling goods or services; the accounting nature, valuation and required notes are as follows: (1) Shall be valued at the present value or may be valued at the book value if maturing within one year. (2) Large-sum accounts receivable from related persons shall be presented individually. (3) Unrealized interest revenues from installment sales shall be presented as the contra account of the accounts receivable. 4) Accounts receivable to be co llected over one year, shall be specified in the notes for the amount of expected collection of each year. (5) â€Å"Designated Collateralized Accounts Receivable† shall be disclosed in the notes. (6) Accounts receivable that includes receivables from a long-term construction contract shall be presented and specified in the notes for the reserved portion that has been billed as it pertains to the construction account.Where the expected collection of the reserved amount runs past one year, the expected amount of collection for each year shall be specified in the notes. (7) Accounts receivable determined as uncollectible shall be written off. (8) Accounts receivable shall be valued at closing for the uncollected amount, and an allowance for the uncollectible amount shall be properly provided and presented as the contra account of the accounts receivable. . Other Receivables: defined as the receivables that do not belong to the categories of receivables in the preceding paragrap h; the account nature, valuation and required notes are as follows: (1) Other receivables exceeding five percent of the sum of current assets shall be presented separately by nature or object. 2) Other receivables shall be valued at closing for the uncollected amount, and an allowance for the uncollected amount shall be properly provided and presented as the contra account of the receivables. Where the receivables are classified greater detail, , the allowance account shall also be presented accordingly. 7.Inventories: defined as merchandise or goods, either finished goods or by-products for sale in normal operations along with goods that are work-in-process to be sold upon completion, or raw materials or supplies used directly or indirectly in the production of goods (or services) for sale; the account nature, valuation and required notes are as follows: (1) Inventories shall be valued using the lower of cost or market price method. 2) Inventories with defect, damage or obsolescenc e causing an obvious decline in value shall be valued based on the net realizable value. (3) Inventories that are provided as lien or guarantee, whose usage is supervised by creditors, etc. shall be specified. 8. Prepayments: defined as various costs and expenses prepaid.With exception for funds required by contract for the purchase of fixed assets and construction funds for unfinished construction funds, which should both be categorized as fixed assets. 9. Other Current Assets: defined as current assets that do not belong to the previous seven categories of current assets. However, any of the previous categories of current assets, with the exception of cash, not exceeding five percent of the sum of current assets may be merged into other current assets. Article 16 : Funds and long-term investments are defined as the various funds set aside for operational purposes and long-term investments used by the business for special purposes; the account categories, valuation and required not es are as follows: 1. Funds: defined as assets provided for special purposes, including sinking funds, improvement and expansion funds, contingency loss funds and other related mutual funds. The resolution and implementation method on which appropriation of the funds is based shall be specified. 2.Long-term Investments: defined as investments of a long-term nature, such as investment in other enterprises, purchases of long-term bonds or investments in real estate or other related investments; the account nature, valuation and required notes are as follows: (1) Long-term investments shall be specified for the valuation basis and shall be presented separately by nature. (2) The accounting handling of long-term equity investments valued by equity method shall follow the provisions of the Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. announced by the Accounting Research and Development Foundation of the Republic of China (hereinafter referred to as the â€Å"Statement of Financial Ac counting Standards†). (3) The accounting handling of long-term equity investments not valued by the equity method shall follow the provisions outlined in the Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 34. (4) Long-term investments that are provided as lien or subject to restrictions, limitations, etc. hall be specified. (5) Long-term equity investments measured by cost means those who possess the following securities without material impact or the derivative products moving along with such securities and deliver through such securities: 1. Equity securities that are not traded at the stock exchange or not traded over the OTC. 2. Emerging stock. (6) Financial assets in held-to-maturity: defined as non-derivative financial asset with fixed or determined collection amounts and date of expiry, which business have aggressive intent and capability to hold until the date of expiry. Bond investments which are held until the date of expiry shall be measured by amortized cost; inve stments held until the date of expiry that expire within one year shall be recorded as a current asset. (7) Bond investments measured by amortized cost: defined as bond investment without the open quote of active market with fixed or determined collectable amount that meet the following conditions: 1.Not destined to be measured by fair value and the change of fair value being recorded as gains and losses. 2. Not destined to be available for sale. | Article 17 : Fixed assets defined as tangible assets which are provided for use in operations, not intended for sale, and used for more than one year; the account categories, valuation and required notes are as follows: 1.Land: defined as land or permanent land improvements used in operations; its valuation includes acquisition costs, land improvements of a permanent nature and increases in value from revaluation, etc. The estimated reserve provided for land value increment tax on the increase in value from revaluation shall be classified as a long-term liability.Land that is temporarily registered under the name of others, rather than that of the business entity itself, due to legal restrictions shall be disclosed in the notes and all safeguarding measures shall be specified. 2. Buildings: defined as self-owned building and structures and other accessory facilities; the valuation includes acquisition costs of the building and structures, capitalized expenditures after acquisition that extend the useful life or ervice potential of the asset, and increases in value from revaluation. 3. Machinery and Equipment: defined as self-owned machinery or shall be valued at cost and may be classified as fixed assets or intangible assets. Leasehold improvements must be depreciated or amortized reasonably and systematically without interruption based on its durable lifespan or lease term, depending which one comes first, then they can be transferred as a compensation in a rational and systemic method or share its cost. . Miscella neous Fixed Assets: defined as the assets that do not belong to the previous five categories; the valuation includes acquisition costs and capitalized expenditures prior to acquisition which extend the useful life or service potential of the asset, thus increasing in value from revaluation. 7.Construction in Progress and Prepayment for Equipment: defined as construction operations that are in process or installations that are unfinished along with prepayments for purchases of fixed assets to be used in operations The valuation includes the costs incurred during the process of construction and installation. Fixed assets should be specified for the valuation basis and, if revalued, the date of revaluation and the amount of increase or decrease must also be specified.With the exception of land, other fixed assets, upon reaching an useable condition, shall be depreciated reasonably and systematically during each period without interruption with the depreciation method specified, and the depreciation shall be transferred by nature to expenses or indirect manufacturing costs of each period; the accumulated depreciation shall be presented as the contra account of the fixed asset. Fixed assets with no operation value shall e regarded as other assets below the net realizable value or book value. The cost and accumulated depreciation of the assets that have no net realizable value must be written off and the difference shall be recognized as a loss. A fixed asset that is still in use after its service life shall be depreciated based on the salvage value. Fixed assets that are provided as guarantee, mortgage, collateral, etc. shall be specified. Article 18 : Depletable assets are defined as natural resources whose value decreases after extraction, cutting or other means of alteration; the account valuation and required notes are as follows: 1. Depletable assets shall be recorded according to the exact cost of acquisition, exploration and development. 2. Depletable assets should be specified for the valuation basis and, if revalued, the date of revaluation and the amount of increase should be specified. . Depletable assets shall be depleted reasonably and systematically each period without interruption within the estimated extraction or useful life with the depletion method specified. The depletion shall be transferred to inventories or cost of goods sold. The accumulated depletion shall be presented as the contra account of the depletable asset. 4. Depletable assets that are provided as guarantee, mortgage, collateral, etc. shall be specified. Article 19 : Intangible assets are defined as assets of economic value but without physical existence; the account categories, valuation and required notes are as follows: 1. Trademarks: defined as trademarks that are legally acquired or purchased; the valuation thereof shall use the unamortized cost. 2. Patents: defined as patents that are legally acquired or purchased; the valuation thereof shall use the un amortized cost. 3. Copyright: defined as the rights to publish, sell or perform the original or translated work of literature, art, academe, music, movie, etc. the valuation thereof shall use the unamortized cost. 4. Computer Software: defined as computer software purchased or developed for sale, rented or marketed by other means; the valuation thereof shall use the unamortized portion of costs of purchase or costs incurred from the establishment of technological feasibility to the production of product masters. The costs incurred prior to the establishment of technological feasibility shall be expensed as research and development costs. . Goodwill: defined as the goodwill acquired at a given price; the depreciation test shall be conducted annually. Recognized goodwill impairmen cannot be reversed. 6. Organization Costs: defined as the necessary costs incurred for organizing a business entity during its startup period. Organization costs shall be valued at the unamortized cost. Self -developed intangible assets that cannot be clearly identified, as goodwill, shall not be recognized as assets.Research expenditures and development expenditures, with the exception of commissioned research where the costs can be totally recovered according to contract, must be regarded as an incurred expense. However, development expenditure meeting the following requirement can be capitalized; the amount of capitalization cannot exceed the estimated present net income value on future recovery, the present value for estimated future income post subtraction of recurring research, development expenditure, production cost and marketing expenses: 1.Technical viability has been made possible to complete such intangible asset. 2. Business entities intend complete such intangible asset and put it out for use or sale. 3. Business entities are capable of using or selling such intangible asset. 4. There exists a specific market encompassing intangible assets or its products; such intangible asset for internal use shall possess useful qualities. 5.Business entities have sufficient technology, finance and other resources to complete such development project and use or sell such intangible asset. 6. Expenditures that are regarded as such intangible asset during the development period can be reliably measured. Intangible assets shall be specified for the valuation basis; those whose duration of economic benefit can be reasonably estimated shall be reasonably and systemically amortized over the years of useful life. The length of amortization and method of calculation shall be specified.Intangible assets without clear economic benefit cannot be amortized. | Article 20 : Other assets are defined as assets that do not belong to the previous five categories of assets and whose collection or liquidation extends over one year; the account categories, valuation and required notes are as follows: 1. Assets Leased to Others: defined as the self-owned assets that are leased to other s by a business entity whose main business is not investment or leasing. . Idle Assets: defined as assets that are currently not being used in operations. Idle assets shall be valued at the net realizable value. 3. Refundable Deposit: defined as the cash or other assets provided to others for the purpose of guarantee. 4. Long-term Notes, Accounts and Overdue Receivables: defined as the notes, accounts and overdue receivables whose date of collection has ran over one year.Long-term notes and account receivables shall be valued at the present value and overdue receivables shall be valued at the net realizable value. 5. Deferred Assets: defined as the incurred expenses whose benefits last for more than one year, which must be borne by future periods. Deferred assets shall be valued at the unamortized cost. 6. Miscellaneous Assets: defined as other assets that do not belong to the previous five categories of other assets.Overdue receivables of a material amount shall be presented indivi dually, overdue occurrences must be stated specifically including reason and amount of uncollectible allowance provided. Other assets exceeding five percent of the sum of total assets shallbe separately presented by nature. | Article 21 : Current liabilities are regarded as liabilities that are to be settled by use of current assets or other current liabilities within one year. The account categories, valuation and required notes for current liabilities are as follows: 1.Short-term Borrowings: defined as the sum of money that is borrowed or is an overdraft from a financial institution or another party and is to be repaid within one year or one operating cycle; the valuation and required notes are as follows: (1) Shall be valued at the present value. (2) Shall be specified by type or nature, guarantee situation and interest rate range of the borrowings, and, if collateral is provided, the name and book value of the collateral. 3) Borrowings from financial institutions, owners, employ ees, related persons, and other persons or institutions shall be separately specified. 2. Short-term Notes and Bills Payable: defined as the short-term notes and bills issued through a commissioned financial institution for the purpose of obtaining funds from the money market, including commercial paper payable and bank acceptances, etc. the valuation and required notes are as follows: (1) Shall be valued at the present value; discounts on short-term notes and bills payable shall be presented as the contra account on the short-term notes and bills payable. (2) Shall be specified for the guarantee, institution of acceptance and interest rate, and if collateral is provided, the name and book value of the collateral. 3.Other Financial Liabilities: defined as liabilities meeting one of the following conditions: (1) financial liabilities at fair value according to the income statement should be recorded as gains and losses indicating the financial liabilities to be bought back within a s hort period of time or financial liabilities assigned to be measured by fair value at original recording with change in fair value being recorded as profit and loss. 2) Hedging Financial Liabilities: defined as the financial liabilities destined by hedge accounting which are effective hedging tools, and shall be measured by fair value and divided into current and non-current according to the liquidity of the items to be hedged; non-current hedging financial liabilities shall be recorded as hedging financial liabilities under other liabilities. 4.Notes Payables: defined as the various notes payable by the business entity; the valuation and required notes are as follows: (1) Notes payables shall be valued at the present value, or may be valued at the face value if due within one year. (2) Notes payables arising from operations shall be separately presented from those not arising from operations. (3) Notes payable of a material amount to related parties shall be presented individually. 4) Notes payable with collateral provided shall be specified for the name and book value of the collateral. (5) Notes payable that are used as security and can be recovered for cancellation at the termination of guarantee responsibility may not be presented as current liabilities, but shall be specified in the notes to financial statements for the nature and amount of the guarantee. 5.Accounts Payable: defined as the various accounts payable by the business entity; the valuation and required notes are as follows: (1) Shall be valued at the present value, or may be valued at the book value if due within one year. (2) Accounts payable arising from operations shall be separately presented from those not arising from operations. (3) Accounts payable of a material amount to related parties shall be presented individually. 4) Accounts payable with collateral provided shall be specified for the name and book value of the collateral. 6. Income Tax Payables: defined as the estimated income tax to be paid based on the taxable income. 7. Other Payables: defined as any of the payables that do not belong to the previous categories of payables, such as other tax payables, salary payables, etc. ; the valuation and required notes are as follows: (1) Shall be valued at the present value, or may be valued at the book value if due within one year. 2) Dividend and bonus payables whose appropriation method and expected payment date are determined must be disclosed. (3) If paid amount exceeds 5% of total current liabilities, records must indict the nature of the transaction or the parties involved in the transaction. 8. Advance Receipts: defined as various sums of money received in advance. Advance receipts shall be presented separately by major category with special contract items specified. 9.Other Current Liabilities: defined as current liabilities that do not belong to the previous eight categories. However, any of the previous eight categories of current liabilities not excee ding five percent of the sum of total current liabilities may be merged into other current liabilities. | Article 22 : Long-term liabilities mean liabilities whose payment deadline exceeds one year or one operating cycle, whichever is the longer; the account categories, valuation and required notes are as follows: 1.Corporate Bonds Payable: defined as debentures issued by an issuer; the valuation and required notes are as follows: (1) Company bonds shall be valued at the face value adjusted for the unamortized premium and discount; the premium and discount shall be reasonably and systematically amortized as the adjustment of interest expense over the periods where the bonds are outstanding. 2) The approved total amount, interest rate, maturity date, name of the collateral, book value, place of issue and other covenants of bonds issued shall be specified in the note. (3) Where the bonds issued are convertible bonds, the conversion method and the amount already converted shall be spec ified. 2. Long-term Loans Payable: defined as the loans payable whose repayment deadlines is xceeds one year; the valuation and required notes are as follows: (1) shall be valued at the present value. (2) The content, maturity date, interest rate, name of the collateral, book value and other covenants of shall be specified. Where the repayment of long-term loans payable is denominated at a foreign currency or is based on a foreign currency exchange rate, the name and amount of the foreign currency shall be specified. 3) Long-term borrowings from owners, employees or related persons shall be separately specified. 3. Long-term notes and accounts payable: Mean the notes payables, accounts payables, etc. whose payment deadline exceeds one year. Long-term notes payable and other long-term accounts payables shall be valued at the present value. 4. Preferred stock liability: defined as the issuance of preferred stock of the nature of financial liability in compliance with No. 6 Bulletin of the Financial Accounting Standard. | Article 23 : Other liabilities are liabilities that cannot be classified as current or long-term liabilities; the account categories are as follows: 1. Deferred Liabilities: defined as deferred revenues, deferred income tax liabilities, etc. 2. Deposits Received: defined as the cash or other assets received from customers for the purpose of assurance. 3.Miscellaneous Liabilities: defined as other liabilities that do not belong to the previous two categories. Other liabilities exceeding five percent of the sum of total liabilities shall be presented separately by nature. | Article 24 : Capital defined as the capital brought into the business entity by the o wner and registered with a competent authority; however it does not include preferred stock of liability nature; the items that shall be specified in the notes are as follows: 1.The kinds of capital, face value per share, number of shares authorized, number of shares issued and special conditi ons shall be specified. 2. Convertible preferred stock and global depository receipts shall be specified for the place of issue, method of issue and conversion, amount already converted and special conditions. | Article 26 : Retained earnings or deficit meaning the equity resulting from business operations; the account categories are as follows: 1.Legal Reserve: defined as the reserve appropriated from earnings according to Company Law or other related regulations. 2. Special Reserve: defined as the reserve appropriated from earnings according to regulations or the resolution of earnings distribution for the purpose of restricting the distribution of earnings as dividends or bonus. 3. Retained Earnings-Unappropriated or Accumulated Deficit: defined as the earnings that have not been appropriated or the deficit has not been offset.The appropriation of retained earnings or the offsetting of deficit shall only be recorded in the book with the consent of the business owner or a mutual r esolution among the stockholders. Proposals for the appropriation of earnings or the offsetting of deficit shall be specified in the notes to the current period financial statements. | Article 28 : The categories of items in the income statement are as follows: 1. Operating Revenue. 2. Operating Costs. 3. Operating Expenses. 4.Non-operating Revenues and Expenses, Other Income (Expense). 5. Income Tax 6. Gains and Losses of continuing operating department. 7. Gains and Losses of discontinuing department 8. Extraordinary Gains and Losses. 9. Cumulative effect of changes in accounting principles 10. Current period net income (or net losses)| Article 29 : Operating revenue refers to the revenue earned in the normal operation of selling goods or services provided in the current period; the account categories, valuation and required notes are as follows: 1.Sales Revenue: defined as the revenue earned from selling goods. Sales returns and allowances shall be presented as a contra account o f sales revenues. 2. Service Revenue: defined as the revenue earned from providing services. 3. Agency Revenue: defined as the revenue earned from compensation for an intermediary, agency or commissioned work. 4. Other Operating Revenue: defined as other revenue that does not belong to the previous three categories. Article 30 : Operating costs refers to the costs that are borne for selling goods or providing services in the current period; the account categories, valuation and required notes are as follows: 1. Cost of Goods Sold: defined as the original cost of goods sold or the manufacturing costs of products sold. Purchases returns and allowances shall be presented as a contra account of purchases costs. 2. Services Costs: defined as the costs that are borne from providing services. 3.Agency Costs: defined as the costs that are borne from an intermediary, agency or commissioned work. 4. Other Operating Costs: defined as the costs that are borne from other operating revenues. | Ar ticle 31 : Operating Expenses refers to the expenses that are borne from selling goods or providing services in the current period; operating costs and expenses that cannot be separately presented may be merged into operating expenses. | either non-operating or expense indicating extraordinary losses. Article 33 : The income or losses from continuing operations refer to both operating and non-operating revenue. Net operating expenses and non-operating expenses, of which shall be presented separately according to the pre-tax amount, including income tax expenses or benefits, and post-tax amount. | Article 34 : The gains or losses from discontinued operations refers the income gained or monies lost due to business operations, along with disposition gains or losses and the gains and losses measured by the net fair value.For discontinued operations completing the disposition within the current year, records shall be made using the net after-tax amount indicating a gain or loss in dispos able income;; for discontinued operations that do not complete disposition within the current year, the net asset thereof must be valued using the face value or net fair value which ever is lower; if the net fair value is lower than the face value, net fair value shall be recorded to indicate such a loss so as to off-set the face value of the net asset from the discontinued operations; if the net fair value recovers, recovered gains can be recognized within the scope of losses originally measured by net fair value. The gain or loss from discontinued operations shall be presented as net income, following the item of the post-tax income or loss from continuing operations. Article 35 : Extraordinary gains and losses refer to any unusual or infrequent occurrence which shall be presented net form, , following the item of the gain and loss from discontinued operations. | Article 36 : The cumulative effect of changes in accounting principles shall be presented as a net change, following th e item of the extraordinary gain and loss. | 3. Retained earnings or deficit should include the following content: (1) The beginning balance. (2) The prior period net income or loss adjustment. (3) The current period net income or loss. (4) The appropriation of legal reserves and special reserves, distribution of dividends, etc. (5) The ending balance. 4.The beginning balance, the changes of the items and the amount during the current period, and the ending balance of the unrealized loss on market value decline of financial products. 5. The beginning balance, the changes of the items and the amount during the current period, and the ending balance of the unrealized revaluation increments. 6. The beginning balance, the changes of the items and the amount during the current period, and the ending balance of the cumulative translation adjustment. 7. The beginning balance, the changes of the items and the amount during the current period, and the ending balance of the treasury stock.The respective income tax expense or benefit shall reflect the itemsArticle 39 : The statement of cash flows must present a summary of information specifying all cash receipts and expenditures incurred by the business entity during a specific period; preparation and presentation of the statement of cash flows shall follow the Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 17. | Article 40 : The following subsequent events that occur after the balance sheet date but before the issuance of financial statements shall be specified in the notes to the financial statements: 1. Changes in capital structure. 2. Significant long- or short-term borrowings. 3. Additions, expansion, construction, leasing, abandonment, idleness, sale, collateralization, transfer or long-term renting of major assets. 4. Significant changes in productive capacity. 5.Significant changes in production and sales policies. 6. Major investments in other businesses. 7. Losses on catastrophic disasters. 8. The proceeding o r settlement of important lawsuits. 9. The signing, fulfillment, cancellation or voiding of important contracts. 10. Important organizational adjustments and significant reforms in management systems. 11. Significant effects resulting from changes in government regulations. 12. All other important events and measures that will affect the financial position, results of operations and cash flows in the future. | Direct materials used| | | Beginning raw materials inventory| $ 6,200| |Add: Cost of raw materials purchased| 49,400| | Total raw materials available| 55,600| | Less: Ending raw materials inventory| (5,800)| | Total raw materials used| | $ 49,800| Direct labor| | 125,600| Manufacturing overhead| | | Indirect materials| 4,100| | Indirect labor| 43,700| | Depreciation—factory building| 9,500| | Depreciation—factory equipment| 5,400| | Insurance—factory| 12,000| | Property taxes—factory| 4,500| | Total manufacturing overhead| | 79,200| Total manufactur ing costs| | 254,600| Add: Beginning work-in-process inventory| | 10,20| | | 264,800| Less: Ending work-in-process inventory| | (9,800)| Cost of goods manufactured| | $255,000|